Abstract: in modern architectural design with steel structure and more and more, especially in public buildings and landmarks. This article according to the characteristics of the steel structure design and based on the existing conditions, from the aspect of technology and discusses the architectural design and performance.

關(guān)鍵詞：鋼結(jié)構(gòu) 建筑表現(xiàn)

Key words: steel structure building

　　建筑自人類產(chǎn)生以來(lái)都是人們生活的重要組成部分，但在很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間里運(yùn)用的都是石材，木材等。隨著科技的發(fā)展新型材料的運(yùn)用越來(lái)越廣泛，其中鋼材是其中普遍采用的一種。而以鋼結(jié)構(gòu)為主體的建筑是現(xiàn)代空間結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)展的主流，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑與鋼筋混凝土，砌體，木結(jié)構(gòu)建筑相比有一定的差別，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑通常由型鋼、鋼管、鋼板等制成的鋼梁、鋼柱、鋼桁架等構(gòu)件組成，有的還用鋼鉸線、鋼絲繩（束）組成，其連接方式采用焊縫、螺栓或鉚釘連接，探討現(xiàn)代鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑設(shè)計(jì)與表現(xiàn)具有重要的意義和價(jià)值。

Buildings since humans are an important part of people's life, but for a long time use is stone, wood, etc. With the development of science and technology the use of new materials is more and more widely, which is one of widely used steel. With steel structure as the main body construction is the mainstream of the development of modern space structure steel structure and reinforced concrete, masonry, timber structure buildings has certain difference, compared steel structure building is usually made of steel, steel pipe, steel plate girder, steel columns, steel truss, such as artifacts, some steel hinge line, steel wire rope (beam), the connection methods of connected by welding, bolt, or rivet, probe into modern steel structure design and the performance has important significance and value.

一、鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑的發(fā)展歷史

First, the development history of steel structure building

　　最早在建造房屋中使用鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的國(guó)家可以追溯到十八世紀(jì)末的英國(guó)，一百年后法國(guó)工程師埃菲爾建造了著名的鐵塔，人們也開(kāi)始嘗試建造鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的獨(dú)戶住宅，從此鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑徹底改變了以往建筑造型的模式，建筑設(shè)計(jì)的理念與方法亦隨之嬗變。早期的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)僅是部分構(gòu)件、配件用鑄鐵、熟鐵制成，到了19世紀(jì)80年代結(jié)構(gòu)型鋼的出現(xiàn)加快了鋼結(jié)構(gòu)在建筑工程中的發(fā)展，使鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑在20世紀(jì)60年代實(shí)現(xiàn)了其第二次理論和實(shí)踐的飛躍與創(chuàng)新的發(fā)展，德國(guó)包豪斯學(xué)派就是其理論的發(fā)源地。

The earliest used in building steel structure of countries can be traced back to the UK at the end of the 18th century, one hundred years after the French engineers built the famous Eiffel Tower Eiffel, people also began to try to build the single-family house steel structure, steel structure building completely changed in the past from now on architectural modeling, building design concept and method also change accordingly. Steel structure is only part of the early component, accessories made from cast iron, wrought iron, in the 1880 s the emergence of the steel structure to speed up the development of steel structure in construction engineering, the steel structure building in the 1960 s realized the second leap and innovation of the theory and practice of development, the German Bauhaus school of thought is the birthplace of the theory.

　　我國(guó)自1949年全國(guó)解放后，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)就在大跨重型工業(yè)廠房、大型公共建筑和高聳結(jié)構(gòu)中得到了應(yīng)用。尤其是近20年來(lái)，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)更加廣泛應(yīng)用于土木工程的公共建筑中，比如沈陽(yáng)桃仙國(guó)際機(jī)場(chǎng)屋蓋，北京天文館新館工程等，我國(guó)目前不僅能生產(chǎn)各種類型的建筑鋼材，同時(shí)鋼材生產(chǎn)的新技術(shù)、新工藝、新產(chǎn)品日益也增多，如彩鋼壓型板、彩鋼復(fù)合板、彩鋼扣板、拱形廠房及彩鋼制品等的生產(chǎn)，使建筑結(jié)構(gòu)充滿現(xiàn)代化時(shí)代氣息，實(shí)際證明鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑在我國(guó)更具有廣闊的發(fā)展前景。

Since 1949, the national liberation in our country, in large span steel structure industrial workshops, large public buildings and its application in the high-rise structure. Especially over the past 20 years, steel structure is more widely used in civil engineering in public buildings, such as roof shenyang taoxian international airport, Beijing planetarium in new project and so on, our country at present not only the production of various types of construction steel, steel production at the same time the new technologies, new processes, new products also increasingly grow in quantity, such as color steel pressure plate, caigang composite panels, caigang gusset plate, arching workshop and caigang products such as production, make the building structure is full of modern times breath, proves the steel structure construction in our country has broad prospects for development.

二、現(xiàn)代鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的建筑特點(diǎn)

Second, the construction of modern steel structure characteristics

　�。ㄒ唬╊A(yù)工程化程度高，建設(shè)成本降低，工期縮短

(a) pre-engineering degree is high, cost reduction, shortening the construction period

　　鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑模數(shù)協(xié)調(diào)統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實(shí)現(xiàn)了建筑工業(yè)化大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)，提高了建筑預(yù)工程化，使不同材料、不同形狀和不同制造方法的建筑構(gòu)配件具有一定的通用性和互換性。同時(shí)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑的預(yù)工程化使材料加工和安裝一體化，大大降低了建設(shè)成本；并且加快了施工速度，使工期能夠縮短40％以上，從而加快了房地產(chǎn)開(kāi)發(fā)商的資金周轉(zhuǎn)速度，使建筑能更早投入使用。

Steel structure modular coordination unified standard implements the architectural industrialized mass production, improving the pre engineered building, different materials, different shapes and different manufacturing methods of components has certain versatility and interchangeability. And steel structure building pre-engineering makes the integration of material processing and installation, greatly reduces the construction cost; And speed up the construction speed, shortening time limit for a project to more than 40%, thus speeding up the capital turnover velocity of real estate developers, the building can be put into use sooner.

　�。ǘ�）建筑與結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)與功能一體化,使建筑更富有功能化

(2) the building and structure design and function of integration, make the building more functional

　　在鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑中，結(jié)構(gòu)成為形象構(gòu)成的重要因素，結(jié)構(gòu)的形體，構(gòu)件，節(jié)點(diǎn)從很大程度上導(dǎo)致并制約著建筑的形象。建筑與結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)與功能只有做到一體化，才能使建筑更富有功能化以便隨后的各個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)環(huán)節(jié)進(jìn)行下去，創(chuàng)造出技術(shù)與藝術(shù)融為一體的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑。北京2008年奧運(yùn)會(huì)國(guó)家體育場(chǎng)投標(biāo)方案中有許多方案都體現(xiàn)了鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑的這一特點(diǎn)。例如清華大學(xué)建筑設(shè)計(jì)院設(shè)計(jì)的可開(kāi)合式方案，在體育場(chǎng)大屋面的中央設(shè)置兩個(gè)半圓型的玻璃頂面，同時(shí)相對(duì)旋轉(zhuǎn)、平行滑動(dòng)完成大屋面的開(kāi)合；又如中國(guó)建筑設(shè)計(jì)研究院場(chǎng)館方案外觀即為建筑的結(jié)構(gòu)，形象完美純凈，功能與結(jié)構(gòu)達(dá)到了完美的統(tǒng)一；還有日本朱式會(huì)設(shè)建筑事務(wù)所設(shè)計(jì)的折疊式方案，屋頂由懸臂的鋼架結(jié)構(gòu)支承，可在30分鐘內(nèi)完成開(kāi)閉的動(dòng)作，確保全年比賽的及活動(dòng)不受天氣影響。

In steel structure, the structure become image constitute the important factors, the form of structure, components, nodes to a large extent, leads to and restricts the construction of the image. Only accomplish integration of architecture and structure design and function, to make the building more functional in order to then proceed various design steps, create integrated steel structure construction technology and art. In the national stadium of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games bid many solutions are embodies the characteristics of steel structure building. For example can open jewels scheme of tsinghua university architecture design institute of design, in the middle of the big stadium roof set two and a half round glass top surface, and relative rotation, parallel sliding finish large roof of the opening and closing; And as China architectural design and research institute venues for appearance namely for construction structure, image of perfect purity, function and structure to achieve the perfect unification; Zhu and Japan will set architects design scheme of folding, roof supported by cantilever steel structure, it can be finished within 30 minutes of open and close action, to ensure that the competition is not affected by the weather and activities throughout the year.

　�。ㄈ�）鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑能夠滿足超高度和超跨度的要求

(3) the steel structure can meet the requirements of super high and super span

　　鋼材組織均勻，接近于各向同性勻質(zhì)體，強(qiáng)度高，彈性模量亦高。其密度與強(qiáng)度的比值遠(yuǎn)小于磚石，混凝土，木材，在同樣受力情況下鋼結(jié)構(gòu)自重小，從而可以做成跨度較大和高度較高的結(jié)構(gòu)以及靈活的結(jié)構(gòu)形體�，F(xiàn)在人類已具有建造跨度超過(guò)1000米的超大穹頂與高度超過(guò)1000米最高至4000米的超高層建筑的能力。并且鋼索與膜結(jié)構(gòu)相結(jié)合形成索膜結(jié)構(gòu)體系更能滿足建筑對(duì)跨度的要求，使這類型建筑成為標(biāo)志性建筑，比如日本東京后樂(lè)園棒球場(chǎng)屋蓋是鋼索與氣承膜組成的索膜結(jié)構(gòu)，面積達(dá)28000平方米，英國(guó)政府為迎接21世紀(jì)而興建的標(biāo)志性建筑倫敦千年穹頂――大型綜合性展覽建筑也是索膜結(jié)構(gòu)體系，其穹頂直徑達(dá)到320m。

Steel group uniform and close to the isotropic and plastid, high strength, high modulus of elasticity as well. The ratio of its density and strength is far less than brick, concrete, wood, steel structure small self-weight stress under the same condition, thus can make span and height higher structure and the structure of flexible body. Now humans have built span of more than 1000 meters to the super dome and height over 1000 meters up to 4000 meters of super-tall buildings of ability. And wire cable membrane structure system combined with membrane structure formed a more can meet the requirements of construction of span, make this type of building a landmark buildings, such as Tokyo Disneyland after baseball ChangWu cover is composed of membrane gas bearing with the wire cable membrane structure, an area of 28000 square meters, the British government for 21st century and build the landmark building of London one thousand dome - large comprehensive exhibition building and cable membrane structure, the dome diameter up to 320 m.

　�。ㄋ模┰�材料可以循環(huán)使用，有助于環(huán)保和可持續(xù)發(fā)展

(4) raw materials can be recycled, contribute to environmental protection and sustainable development

　　發(fā)展鋼結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)于資源，能源都非常短缺的我國(guó)意義尤為重大，因?yàn)橹袊?guó)是世界上最大的磚砌體建筑與混凝土建筑大國(guó)。鋼材是一種高強(qiáng)度高效能的材料，具有很高的再循環(huán)價(jià)值，邊角料也有價(jià)值，不需要制模施工。目前國(guó)際上引人矚目的新型住宅產(chǎn)品已引入我國(guó)，其環(huán)保節(jié)能的特點(diǎn)主要體現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)方面：

Steel structure for the development of resources and energy are very shortage in our country is particularly significant, because China is the world's largest brick masonry and concrete buildings superpower. Steel is a kind of high strength and high performance materials, has the very high recycling value, leftover material has value, do not need to mold construction. At present the compelling on the international new residential products have been introduced into our country, the environmental protection and energy saving features mainly embodied in two aspects:

　�。�1）該類型住宅采用全封閉式保溫隔熱防潮系統(tǒng)，溫度變化小，熱損失低。不論冬夏，都具有舒適當(dāng)居住環(huán)境。室外0攝氏度時(shí)，室內(nèi)仍可以保持17攝氏度以上；在室外溫度達(dá)到30攝氏度的情況下，室內(nèi)溫度僅為21攝氏度左右。

(1) the type of residential use totally-enclosed thermal insulation moistureproof system, small temperature change, heat loss is low. Regardless of winter and summer, with a comfortable when living environment. 0 degrees Celsius when outdoor, indoor can remain 17 degrees Celsius above; Reach 30 degrees Celsius in outdoor temperature conditions, the indoor temperature is only 21 degrees Celsius.

　�。�2）與磚混結(jié)構(gòu)住宅相比，可節(jié)能60％以上，冬夏季空調(diào)設(shè)備可節(jié)約耗電30％以上，結(jié)構(gòu)的廢舊利用為100％，與磚混結(jié)構(gòu)比較，同樣樓層凈高條件下，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)維護(hù)墻體面積小，節(jié)約空調(diào)所需能源，減小維護(hù)費(fèi)用。

(2) compared with the brick house, save energy more than 60%, winter summer air-conditioning equipment can save electricity above 30%, the structure of the waste utilization was 100%, compared with brick, floor headroom same condition, the steel structure maintenance wall body area is small, save energy required for air conditioning, reduce maintenance costs.

三、鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑設(shè)計(jì)與技術(shù)表現(xiàn)

3, steel structure building design and technical performance

　　鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑設(shè)計(jì)的構(gòu)思成功關(guān)鍵所在是技術(shù)構(gòu)思與表現(xiàn)，在方案設(shè)計(jì)的深化中，需要同結(jié)構(gòu)工程師，設(shè)備工程師，甚至包括機(jī)械工程師密切配合。此時(shí)技術(shù)表現(xiàn)是自然而然的事情，無(wú)論是空間形式，形式體量還是構(gòu)造節(jié)點(diǎn)對(duì)其建筑設(shè)計(jì)與表現(xiàn)影響都是很重要的，下面就分別從幾個(gè)方面來(lái)闡述這一點(diǎn)。

Steel structure building design conception, success is key technology design and performance in the design deepen, with a structural engineer, equipment engineer, including mechanical engineers work closely with. The technical performance is a natural thing, whether it is space form, the form of body or to affect the architectural design and representation of the structure node are very important, here are respectively from several aspects to illustrate this point.

　�。�1）鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑設(shè)計(jì)的技術(shù)表現(xiàn)

(1) the technical performance of steel structure building design

　　建筑形象的構(gòu)思是一個(gè)概念形象的創(chuàng)作過(guò)程，是建筑創(chuàng)作的難點(diǎn)之一，也是建筑設(shè)計(jì)中備受關(guān)注的核心問(wèn)題之一。回顧工業(yè)革命以來(lái)建筑與科學(xué)技術(shù)關(guān)系的發(fā)展，可以明顯地發(fā)現(xiàn)建筑對(duì)技術(shù)變革反應(yīng)的遲滯性，這從一個(gè)側(cè)面反映了建筑學(xué)在社會(huì)文化當(dāng)中的深層地位，以及建筑學(xué)與人的生活方式的密切聯(lián)系。另外現(xiàn)代方興未艾的信息革命正在廣泛地滲透并涉及社會(huì)活動(dòng)的每個(gè)領(lǐng)域，使現(xiàn)代科學(xué)思維被融入到建筑設(shè)計(jì)中，新項(xiàng)目的規(guī)劃、建筑和景觀設(shè)計(jì)方法發(fā)生了巨大的變化。建筑設(shè)計(jì)的宗旨也從單純的追求美發(fā)展到追求問(wèn)題的合理解決，從根本上改變了人們以往對(duì)建筑的認(rèn)識(shí)和設(shè)計(jì)方式，并最終影響了人類千百年來(lái)形成的傳統(tǒng)建筑觀，比如高技派建筑就是其主要代表，其以精致的節(jié)點(diǎn)和精細(xì)的加工來(lái)體現(xiàn)高超的技藝，以更高的工藝水平來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)和“制造”建筑。

Architectural image idea is a concept image creation process, is one of the difficult point of architectural creation, also is in the building design is one of the core issues of concern. Since industrial revolution, the construction and the development of science and technology relations, can be clearly found that building to respond to technological change lag, this from one side reflect the deep position of architecture in social culture, and the close ties between architecture and people's way of life. Also in modern information revolution is widely infiltration and involve each field of social activities, make modern science thinking is embodied in the design of the building, the new project planning, architectural and landscape design method of great changes have taken place. Architectural design principle also from the pursuit of pure beauty to pursue reasonable solutions to problems, fundamentally changed the way people past understanding of architecture and design, and ultimately affect humans in one thousand to form the view of traditional architecture, such as high side is its main representative architecture, its delicate node and fine processing to reflect skills, to design a higher technological level and "manufacturing" construction.

　�。�2）鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑細(xì)部設(shè)計(jì)有較高要求

(2) steel structure detail design have higher requirements

　　鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑設(shè)計(jì)的復(fù)雜化與精致度要求越高，對(duì)細(xì)部設(shè)計(jì)的要求也越高。因?yàn)榧?xì)部設(shè)計(jì)決定一個(gè)地方最終是否得到確認(rèn)及其質(zhì)量。在現(xiàn)代鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑中，各種金屬結(jié)構(gòu)桿件，連接金屬桿件的節(jié)點(diǎn)細(xì)部，常常暴露在外，使建筑帶有強(qiáng)烈的科技感，比如建于1977年法國(guó)的巴黎蓬皮杜藝術(shù)與文化中心，它的鋼柱、鋼梁、桁架等結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件都裸露在外，從中不僅體現(xiàn)出技術(shù)美，而且體現(xiàn)出人的智慧和能力。因而，對(duì)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑來(lái)說(shuō)細(xì)部質(zhì)量保持較高的設(shè)計(jì)要求是非常重要的，在鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑中應(yīng)受到特別重視。

Steel structure design of complicated and delicate degree requirements is higher, and the higher requirements for detail design. For detail design to determine whether a place finally confirmed and its quality. In modern steel structure building, various kinds of metal bar structure, connected to the metal bar node detail, often exposed, make the building with a strong sense of science and technology, such as built in 1977, Paris, France pompidou art and cultural center, its steel column, steel beam, truss structures are exposed, which not only reflects the technical beauty, but also reflects people's wisdom and ability. Therefore, for steel structure detail quality maintaining high design requirement is very important, deserve special attention in the steel structure building.

　　（3）建筑策劃也是鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑設(shè)計(jì)與表現(xiàn)的影響因素

(3) the construction planning and the influence factors of steel structure design and performance

　　因?yàn)殇摻Y(jié)構(gòu)建筑設(shè)計(jì)具有建筑設(shè)計(jì)的一般屬性，建筑師不是隨心所欲在作設(shè)計(jì)，業(yè)主設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書(shū)對(duì)建筑師的平面和設(shè)計(jì)構(gòu)思等發(fā)生的作用是重大的�？蛻粝Ｍ�設(shè)計(jì)師有更好的業(yè)績(jī)，而且希望在其最終產(chǎn)品的確定過(guò)程中，設(shè)計(jì)師和市場(chǎng)專家都能更高效的參與決策。在這個(gè)階段，建設(shè)項(xiàng)目更強(qiáng)調(diào)整體設(shè)計(jì)、更強(qiáng)調(diào)

Because steel structure building design has the general nature of architectural design, the architect is not follow one's inclinations in the design, the design plan descriptions of the owner's plane and design idea of the architect and the effect is significant. Customers want designer has a better performance, but also hope that in the process of the determination of the final product, designers and marketing experts participate in decision making can be more efficient. At this stage, more emphasis on the overall design of construction projects, more emphasis on

　　專業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師、市場(chǎng)專家及開(kāi)發(fā)商之間的協(xié)調(diào)，設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程包括了持續(xù)的信息和知識(shí)的交流與整合。另外，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑的專業(yè)化不但能提供豐富的設(shè)計(jì)知識(shí)而且能有效的整合設(shè)計(jì)資源和市場(chǎng)專家共同對(duì)建筑負(fù)責(zé)，使設(shè)計(jì)和業(yè)主的經(jīng)營(yíng)意圖有效的結(jié)合起來(lái)，使項(xiàng)目獲利和減少風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

Professional designers, market experts and developers of coordination between design process including continuous exchanges and integration of information and knowledge. In addition, the steel structure of specialization not only can provide rich design knowledge and effective integration of design resources and market experts jointly responsible for the construction, make the design and the owner of the business intent effective combination, make the project profits and reduce risk.

四、現(xiàn)代鋼結(jié)構(gòu)中建筑設(shè)計(jì)所面臨的問(wèn)題

Four, in the modern steel structure building design are faced with the problem

　　（一）鋼結(jié)構(gòu)中建筑設(shè)計(jì)的防火問(wèn)題

(a) architectural design fire protection problems in steel structure

　　火災(zāi)是對(duì)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑的最大危害，鋼材雖為非燃燒材料，但鋼不耐火，溫度為400度時(shí)，鋼材的屈服強(qiáng)度將降至室溫下強(qiáng)度的一半，溫度達(dá)到600度時(shí)，鋼材基本損失全部強(qiáng)度和剛度，因此當(dāng)建筑采用無(wú)防火保護(hù)措施的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，一旦發(fā)生火災(zāi)，很容易使建筑損壞，比如美國(guó)世貿(mào)中心大樓外墻是排列很密的鋼柱，外面包以銀色鋁板，在美國(guó)911事件中兩個(gè)塔樓分別受飛機(jī)撞擊后所產(chǎn)生的大火使鋼材軟化，最終導(dǎo)致大樓倒塌。從發(fā)生的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑火災(zāi)案例可以發(fā)現(xiàn)兩類現(xiàn)象，一類為防火保護(hù)的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)在火災(zāi)中沒(méi)有達(dá)到規(guī)定的耐火時(shí)間而破壞，另一類防火保護(hù)的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)在火災(zāi)中超過(guò)了預(yù)期的耐火時(shí)間而并沒(méi)有破壞。建筑的構(gòu)造防火問(wèn)題一般在鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)上較易解決，而在鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑上則需考慮更多的因素，以下為兩種常用防火措施：.一是采用進(jìn)口的新型防火板——保全板；二是根據(jù)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的部位不同分別采用厚型或薄型的防火涂料，并在露明部位加涂裝飾漆。

Fire is dangerous to the steel structure building, steel is not burning materials, refractory, but steel don't temperature is 400 degrees, the yield strength of steel will drop to half the strength at room temperature, the temperature of 600 degrees, all steel basic loss of strength and stiffness, so when building when without the fire protection measures of steel structure is adopted, in the event of a fire, it is easy to make structural damage, such as the world trade center building external wall is arranged very thick steel columns, are coated with silver aluminum plate, in the United States 911 events in the two towers are respectively after the crash of the fire to soften steel and eventually lead to building collapse. Steel structure building fires from case can find two kinds of phenomena, there is fire protection of steel structure in the fire did not meet the refractory time and damage, the other kind of fire protection of steel structure in the fire more than the expected refractory time without damage. Building structure fire protection problems in general on the reinforced concrete structure is easy to solve, while on the steel structure should be considered more factors, the following are two common fire prevention measures:. One is a new kind of fire prevention board, USES the import protection board; Second is according to the steel structure of the different parts with thick or thin fire-retardant coating, and add coating decorative paint in the open parts.

　�。ǘ�）鋼結(jié)構(gòu)中建筑設(shè)計(jì)的防腐問(wèn)題

(2) steel structure building design in the corrosion problem

　　鋼材如果長(zhǎng)時(shí)間暴露在室外受到風(fēng)雨等自然力的侵蝕，必然會(huì)生銹老化，其自身承載力會(huì)下降，建筑的美觀也會(huì)受影響。因此防腐問(wèn)題也是鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑設(shè)計(jì)需要解決常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題，目前的做法主要是采用新型防腐和構(gòu)造材料。在實(shí)際建筑設(shè)計(jì)中設(shè)計(jì)人員在遇到鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑中對(duì)所設(shè)計(jì)的建筑都做出特別的要求，比如涂刷防銹涂料，防火涂料屬于油漆類。防火涂料一般做法為先刷紅丹防銹底漆兩度，再刷鋼結(jié)構(gòu)面漆兩度（面漆顏色由甲方定）。另外對(duì)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件施工也有確定的要求，比如構(gòu)件出廠前涂紅丹防銹底漆一道；鋼結(jié)構(gòu)安裝調(diào)整后，將其清洗干凈，然后再刷一度底漆，兩度面漆。然而現(xiàn)在雖然有各種不同類型的防腐涂料但較為有效的防腐涂料還需外國(guó)進(jìn)口，我想隨著中國(guó)綜合國(guó)力的增強(qiáng)，中國(guó)將會(huì)生產(chǎn)出更優(yōu)秀的新型防腐涂料。

Steel if long time exposure to the outside by the forces of nature of wind and rain erosion, is bound to be rusting, aging will lose its bearing capacity, the building's appearance will be affected. Therefore antisepsis problem is also a steel structure building design needs to solve common problems, the current approach is mainly adopted new anticorrosion and structural materials. In actual construction design designers encountered in steel structure building in making special requests to the buildings are designed, such as coating antirust paint, fire coatings as part of the paint. General practice first brush fire retardant coating red lead anti-rust primer twice, then brush steel finish (paint color shall be prescribed by party a) twice. In addition to steel structure steel structure component construction also has certain requirements, such as red lead anti-rust primer coating a component before shipment; Steel structure installation, clean the clean, and then brush once primer, paint twice. But now although there are different kinds of anticorrosive coatings but effective anticorrosive coatings are also need to foreign imports, I want to as China's comprehensive national strength enhanced, China will produce more excellent new anticorrosion coatings.

　　（三）鋼結(jié)構(gòu)中建筑物理問(wèn)題

(3) the steel structure of building physics problems

　�。�1）保溫。外部環(huán)境對(duì)建筑的熱輻射主要從兩個(gè)方面影響建筑的熱環(huán)境：一是透過(guò)窗戶進(jìn)入室內(nèi)，并被室內(nèi)表面所吸收，產(chǎn)生了加熱的效果；二是被建筑的外圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)表面吸收，其中一部分熱量通過(guò)建筑圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的熱傳導(dǎo)逐漸進(jìn)入室內(nèi)。由于玻璃可以讓陽(yáng)光直接射入室內(nèi)從而迅速升高室溫，特別是隨著新型玻璃材料的不斷出現(xiàn)，玻璃的熱工性能逐步改進(jìn)，建筑采光與建筑保溫之間的矛盾已日趨淡化，“遮蔽”與“阻隔”走向平衡。所以對(duì)建筑的保溫措施主要集中在外圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)上，而目前對(duì)此解決辦法有兩種較為有效：

(1) the insulation. The external environment impact on the building's thermal radiation is mainly from two aspects of building thermal environment: one is through the window into the interior, and is absorbed by the indoor surface, the heating effect; 2 it is the building envelope surfaces absorb, one part of heat through building palisade structure heat transfer gradually into the interior. Because glass allows the sunlight directly into the interior to rise rapidly at room temperature, especially with the appearance of new glass materials, glass thermal performance gradually improved, building lighting and the contradiction between building insulation has been increasingly desalt, "shelter" and "block" to balance. So for building palisade structure heat preservation measures are mainly concentrated in the outside, but at present there are two kind of more effective in this solution:

　　1）研制、優(yōu)化保溫材料的構(gòu)造，提高建筑熱環(huán)境性能。例如在建筑物得內(nèi)外表面或者外層結(jié)構(gòu)的空氣層中，采用高效反射材料，可以將大部分的紅外射線反射回去，從而建筑物起到保溫和隔熱作用；此外還可運(yùn)用高效節(jié)能玻璃，硅氣凝膠，新型節(jié)能墻體材料，達(dá)到節(jié)能的目的。

1) the development, the optimization of thermal insulation material structure, improve building thermal environment performance. For example in the building internal and external surface or in the outer structure of the air layer, adopt efficient reflective materials, can be to reflect the most of infrared rays, thus building heat preservation and heat insulation effect; In addition can also use high efficiency and energy saving glass, silica aerogel, new energy saving wall material, achieve the goal of energy saving.

　　2）防止保溫材料凝結(jié)水外保溫和中間保溫作法�？煞乐贡�溫材料由于蒸汽的滲透積累而受潮。內(nèi)保溫作法則保溫材料有可能在冬季受潮，外保溫可避免主要承重結(jié)構(gòu)受到室外溫度的劇烈波動(dòng)影響，從而提高其耐久性。外保溫作法對(duì)外表面的保護(hù)層要求較高內(nèi)保溫和中間層保溫則由于外表面是由強(qiáng)度大的密實(shí)材料構(gòu)成，飾面層的處理比較簡(jiǎn)單。

2) to prevent the thermal insulation material the condensate external thermal insulation and heat preservation practices in the middle. Can prevent the accumulation of heat preservation material due to the penetration of steam but be affected with damp be affected with damp. Heat preservation practices in the thermal insulation material is likely to be affected with damp be affected with damp during the winter, external thermal insulation can avoid the main bearing structure is affected by the sharp fluctuations in temperature outside, and thus improve its durability. Protective layer on the surface of the external thermal insulation practices of foreign demand higher insourcing gentle middle layer insulation, because the surface is by the strength of the compacted material composition, surface processing is simpler.

　�。�2）吸音。在一些建筑大廳中，尤其是在音樂(lè)廳中頂棚反射板增加的反射聲幾乎同時(shí)到達(dá)聽(tīng)眾的雙耳，缺少側(cè)向反射帶來(lái)的圍繞感。在這類建筑的設(shè)計(jì)中，需要綜合考慮材料的使用，包括吸聲性能以及裝飾性、強(qiáng)度、防火、吸濕、加工等多方面。目前廣泛地應(yīng)用于音質(zhì)設(shè)計(jì)和噪聲控制中的解決途徑是吸聲材料和吸聲結(jié)構(gòu)。

(2) the sound-absorbing. In some construction hall, particularly in the hall ceiling reflection plate increases the reflections of almost reached the ears of the audience at the same time, the lack of lateral reflection around feeling. In the design of the buildings, the need to consider the use of material, including the sound absorption performance and decorative, strength, fire prevention, moisture absorption, processing and other aspects. Currently widely used in the design of sound quality and noise control of solution is sound absorption materials and sound absorption structure.

　　1）吸聲材料：材料本身具有吸聲特性。如玻璃棉、巖棉等纖維或多孔材料具有良好的吸聲性能，由于空氣的粘滯阻力、空氣分子與孔隙壁的摩擦，使聲能轉(zhuǎn)化為摩擦熱能而吸聲。

1) absorption material: material itself has the sound absorption properties. Such as glass wool, rock wool fiber or porous materials with good sound absorption performance, because of the air viscous resistance and air molecules and pore wall friction, make the friction sound energy into heat and sound absorption.

　　2）吸聲結(jié)構(gòu)：材料本身可以不具有吸聲特性，但材料制成某種結(jié)構(gòu)而產(chǎn)生吸聲。如穿孔石膏板吊頂。

2) sound absorption structure: materials itself can not be with sound absorption properties, but material into some sort of structure and produce sound absorption. Such as perforated plasterboard condole top.

（3）隔音。噪聲于建筑密不可分，噪聲污染的防治與治理已經(jīng)成為建筑聲學(xué)重要的組成部分。噪聲規(guī)劃、噪聲控制等理論也逐漸演化開(kāi)來(lái)。人們可以聽(tīng)到的聲音都屬于聲環(huán)境范疇。人們可以聽(tīng)到談話、鳥(niǎo)鳴、音樂(lè)、泉水叮咚、歌聲等；但也能聽(tīng)到吵鬧、機(jī)器轟鳴、車輛的轟鳴等噪聲。但主要是有安靜要求的房間，如錄音室、演播室、旅館客房、居民住宅臥室等建筑對(duì)隔聲隔振要求非常高，需要專門(mén)的聲學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)。對(duì)于旅館、公用建筑、民用住宅人們對(duì)安靜的要求也越來(lái)越重視。并盡量靠近聲源，會(huì)提高隔聲效果。一般隔聲間外墻使用隔聲性能較好的材料或結(jié)構(gòu)，如磚、混凝土、紙面石膏板墻等，觀察部分使用隔聲窗，進(jìn)出部分使用隔聲門(mén)或吸聲迷道等。

(3) the insulation. Noise in the building, noise pollution prevention and control has become an important part of architectural acoustics. Planning, noise control theory also gradually evolved. People can hear the sounds of all belong to the category of acoustic environment. People can hear the conversation, singing, music, springs ding-dong, singing, etc.; But also can hear the noise, such as the roar of the machines roar, vehicle noise. But mainly there is a requirement for quiet rooms, such as recording studio, studio, hotel rooms, such as residential bedroom construction of acoustic vibration isolation requirements is very high, need special acoustic design. For hotels, public buildings, civil residence requirement for quiet people also more and more attention. And as far as possible close to the source, can improve the effect of sound insulation. General sound insulation between the outer wall use sound insulation performance better material or structure, such as brick, concrete, gypsum board wall, sound insulation window using the watch part, in and out of the part using soundproof door or fan of sound absorption and so on.

五 結(jié)論

Five conclusions

　　由本文以上討論可以得出下面三點(diǎn)看法和結(jié)論：

This paper discussed above can be concluded that the following three views and conclusions:

　　（1）鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)根據(jù)不同具體條件的不同而有所側(cè)重，一個(gè)好的建筑設(shè)計(jì)，必須做到形象構(gòu)思與結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)思的一體化。

(1) steel structure design should be according to the specific conditions of different stresses, the architectural design of a good, must do image design and structure design of integration.

　�。�2）鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑的科技含量很高，結(jié)構(gòu)本身往往就是建筑表現(xiàn)，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的表現(xiàn)與工藝不僅是實(shí)現(xiàn)形象構(gòu)思的必要手段，而且對(duì)建筑形象的影響極為顯著，這就決定了結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)思是形象構(gòu)思成功與否的關(guān)鍵所在。

(2) steel structure building technology content high, the structure itself is often building performance, the performance of the steel structure and process not only is the necessary means to realize image design, and influence on architectural image is very significant, which determines the structure design is the key to the success of image design.

　�。�3）科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，審美觀的改變必然使得鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑不斷地去擴(kuò)展自身的表達(dá)語(yǔ)匯而尋求發(fā)展。我們所提倡的是：拋開(kāi)風(fēng)格要素，從結(jié)構(gòu)理性主義出發(fā)，從現(xiàn)代的和傳統(tǒng)的眾多風(fēng)格流派中吸取精華，創(chuàng)造出技術(shù)和藝術(shù)有機(jī)融合的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)精品建筑。

(3) the progress of science and technology, the aesthetic change inevitably makes steel structure building to extend its express vocabulary and seek development. What we advocate is: regardless of style elements, starting from the structure of rationalism, from the modern and the traditional aspects of many genres, to create the organic fusion of technology and art high-quality goods building steel structure.