Abstract: with the new block masonry wall body crack, is our country to produce a new wall materials innovation quality common fault, has aroused people's attention, in this paper, the wall body crack reason and prevention measures were analyzed and discussed.

關(guān)鍵詞：新型砌塊 墻體 裂縫 防治

Key words: new block wall crack prevention and control

一、前言

One, foreword

近幾年來，建設(shè)部大力推廣新型墻體材料，加上新型砌體材料比粘土磚有許多優(yōu)點（自重輕、節(jié)能、造價低），使得各種輕質(zhì)砌塊得到廣泛使用，而大量使用輕質(zhì)砌塊后，由于設(shè)計與施工對砌塊性能的掌握不夠以及生產(chǎn)監(jiān)管力度不到位，致使建筑物建成后墻體開裂滲漏問題較多，工程質(zhì)量投訴很多。為此，有必要對新型墻體材料砌塊的特性進(jìn)行研究分析，并采取合適的設(shè)計和施工方法，避免墻體開裂質(zhì)量通病的繼續(xù)擴(kuò)大，確保工程質(zhì)量。

In recent years, the ministry of construction to promote the new wall materials, coupled with new masonry materials have many advantages than clay brick (light weight, energy saving, low cost), making all kinds of lightweight block is widely used, and the extensive use of lightweight block, due to the design and construction to understand the performance of block is not enough and production supervision does not reach the designated position, after the completion of the building wall cracking leakage problem is more, the project quality complaint a lot. Therefore, it is necessary to study the characteristics of new type wall materials block analysis, and take appropriate design and construction methods, avoid walling quality common fault continues to expand, to ensure the engineering quality.

二、 產(chǎn)生裂縫的原因分析

Second, the analysis of the causes of cracks

1.砌塊材質(zhì)的問題

1. The block material

非承重砼小砌塊主要是輕骨料砼。由于輕質(zhì)砌塊容重輕，用作非承重墻體時較紅磚有較大優(yōu)越性。但也應(yīng)看到它的缺點，一是收縮率比粘土磚大，隨著含水量的降低，材料會產(chǎn)生較大的干縮變形,這類干縮變形引在建筑引起不同程度的裂縫。二是砌塊受潮后會出現(xiàn)二次收縮，干縮后的材料受潮后會發(fā)生膨脹，脫水后會再發(fā)生干縮變形，引起墻體發(fā)生裂縫。三是砌塊砌體的抗拉及抗剪切強(qiáng)度只有粘土磚的50%。四是砌塊質(zhì)量的不穩(wěn)定。由于砌塊自身的一些缺陷，引起一些裂縫，如房屋內(nèi)外縱墻中間對稱分布的倒八字裂縫；在建筑底部一至二層窗臺邊出現(xiàn)的斜裂縫或豎向裂縫；在屋頂圈梁下出現(xiàn)的水平縫和水平包角裂縫；在大片墻面上出現(xiàn)的底部重、上部較輕的豎向裂縫。另外不同材料和構(gòu)件的差異變形也會導(dǎo)致墻體開裂。如樓板錯層處或高低層連接處常出現(xiàn)的裂縫，框架填充墻或柱間墻因不同材料的差異變形出現(xiàn)的裂縫。這些都是材質(zhì)問題所致。

Non load-bearing concrete small block mainly is the lightweight aggregate concrete. Due to the light block unit weight is light, when used as a nonbearing wall is red brick has a bigger superiority. But also should see the faults of it, one is the shrinkage rate is greater than clay brick, with the reduction of water content of materials will produce larger shrinkage deformation, the dry shrinkage deformation caused different degrees of cracks in buildings. Secondly, block can appear after be affected with damp be affected with damp secondary shrinkage, dry shrinkage material be affected with damp be affected with damp after inflation will happen, will happen again after dehydration drying shrinkage deformation, cause cracks in the walls. Three is the block masonry tensile and shear strength is only 50% of the clay brick. Four is the unstable block quality. Caused by their own some flaws, some cracks, such as building internal and external longitudinal walls symmetrical distribution among eight crack; In the construction to the second floor window sill to appear at the bottom of the inclined or vertical cracks; Under the roof perimeter beam horizontal seam and level Angle cracks; In large tracts of metope appears on the upper weight, lighter at the bottom of vertical cracks. Other differences between the materials and components deformation can lead to cracking of wall. Like a layer of floor in the wrong place or high and low layer joint cracks often appear, frame infilled wall or column because of difference of different material deformation of the wall between the cracks. These are caused by material problem.

2.構(gòu)造設(shè)計的問題

2. About the design of the structure

（1）設(shè)計者重視強(qiáng)度設(shè)計而忽略抗裂構(gòu)造措施

(1) the designer takes the strength design and ignores the anti-crack construction measures

長期以來，人們對砌體結(jié)構(gòu)的各種裂縫習(xí)以為常，設(shè)計者一般認(rèn)為砌體的選用比較簡單，在強(qiáng)度方面作必要的計算后，針對構(gòu)造措施，絕大部分引用國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或標(biāo)準(zhǔn)圖集，很少單獨提出有關(guān)防裂要求和措施，更沒有對這些措施的可行性進(jìn)行調(diào)查或總結(jié)。因為裂縫的危險僅為潛在的，不影響結(jié)構(gòu)的安全，沒有涉及到責(zé)任問題。

For a long time, people used all kinds of cracks of masonry structure, the designer thinks that the selection of masonry compared commonly simple, make necessary calculations in terms of strength, for structural measures, for the most part refers to the national standard or standard atlas, rarely separate types.the requirements and measures are put forward, more not to investigate the feasibility of these measures or summary. Because only for a potential risk of fracture, does not affect the safety of the structure, not involves the liability issue.

（2） 設(shè)計者對新材料砌塊的應(yīng)用不熟悉

(2) the designers to not familiar with the application of new material block

設(shè)計單位對新材料砌塊的性能和新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的應(yīng)用尚在認(rèn)識探索之中，對設(shè)計技巧、裂縫預(yù)防缺少經(jīng)驗，因此存在或多或少存在設(shè)計缺陷。主要有以下一些問題：

Design unit to block new material performance and application of the new standard is still in exploration, the design skill, crack prevention of lack of experience, design flaws so exists more or less. Basically has the following problems:

① 非承重砼砌塊墻是后砌填充圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)墻體的尺寸與砌塊規(guī)格不配時，難以用砌塊完全填滿，造成砌體與砼框架結(jié)構(gòu)的梁板柱連接部位孔隙過大容易開裂。

(1) the bearing after the concrete block wall is build by laying bricks or stones fill retaining structure. When the wall size does not match block specifications, difficult to block completely filled with masonry and concrete frame beam slab-column connection part of the pore is too easy to crack.

② 門窗洞及預(yù)留洞邊等部位是應(yīng)力集中區(qū)，無采取有效的拉結(jié)加強(qiáng)措施時，會由于撞擊振動容易開裂。

(2) Windows and doors hole stress clusters, and the reserved hole position is no Rachel take effective strengthening measures, due to the impact vibration is easy to crack.

③ 墻厚過小及砌筑砂漿強(qiáng)度過低，會使墻體剛度不足也容易開裂。

(3) the wall thickness is too small and masonry mortar strength is too low, can make the wall rigidity shortage is also easy to crack.

④ 墻面開洞安裝管線或吊掛重物均引起墻體變形開裂。

Open hole (4) metope installed pipeline wall deformation caused by cracking or hang heavy things.

⑤ 與水接觸墻面未考慮防排水及泛水和滴水等構(gòu)造措施使墻體滲漏。

5. Contact with the water wall does not consider construction measures such as waterproof and drainage and flood water and drip made leakage of wall.

3.砌筑和抹灰施工的問題

3. The masonry and plastering construction problems

由于以往施工單位一直以砌筑粘土磚墻為主，對采用新型輕質(zhì)磚砌塊后砌筑和抹灰施工方法沒有掌握，又缺少培訓(xùn)和實踐，施工方法、工具、砂漿等都沿用了粘土燒結(jié)磚的一貫做法，對日砌筑高度、濕度控制都缺乏經(jīng)驗，加上施工過程中水平灰縫、豎向灰縫不飽滿，減弱了墻體的抗拉抗剪的能力以及工人砌筑水平的不穩(wěn)定都導(dǎo)致墻體出現(xiàn)裂縫。

Because previous construction unit has been with clay brick masonry is given priority to, to adopt new type of lightweight brick after brick masonry and plastering construction method do not have, and the lack of training and practice, the construction methods, tools, mortar, etc are used for clay sintered brick, customary practice, the building height, humidity control are lack of experience, combined with horizontal mortar joint, vertical mortar joint in construction process is not full, abate the tensile shear capacity of walls and masonry workers level of instability led to cracks of wall.

三、 裂縫的控制和防治措施

Three, crack control and prevention measures

1.控制裂縫的原則

1. The principle of control crack

防止輕質(zhì)材料墻體裂縫的產(chǎn)生，要在材料生產(chǎn)、設(shè)計、施工三方面著眼，根據(jù)不同材質(zhì)的砌塊執(zhí)行相應(yīng)的砌體規(guī)范、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并制定具體的措施。

Lightweight materials to prevent the cracks of wall, three aspects in material production, design, construction, according to the different material executes the block masonry specification, standard, and formulate concrete measures.

2.砌塊質(zhì)量的控制

2. Quality control block

輕質(zhì)砌塊的質(zhì)量性能有抗壓強(qiáng)度、收縮、抗凍、抗碳性等指標(biāo)，對于墻體裂縫的產(chǎn)生影響最大的是收縮性，而相對含水率是反映收縮性的重要指標(biāo)。為此，要求輕質(zhì)砌塊特別是輕集料混凝土小砌塊必須經(jīng)28d養(yǎng)護(hù)方可出廠，且使用單位必須堅持產(chǎn)品驗收，杜絕使用不合格產(chǎn)品。

The quality capability of the lightweight block compressive strength, shrinkage, frost resistance, resistance to carbon, etc, for the cracks of wall is the greatest influence contractility, and relative moisture content is an important index of contractility. For this purpose, the requirements of lightweight block especially lightweight aggregate concrete small block must through 28 d maintenance before the factory, and use the unit must adhere to product acceptance, put an end to use unqualified products.

3.設(shè)計構(gòu)造的控制措施

3. The design structure of control measures

預(yù)防新型輕質(zhì)砌塊墻體裂縫，必須以建筑設(shè)計為重點。如果沒有針對材料的特殊性，采用適合的砌筑砂漿和相應(yīng)的構(gòu)造措施，仍沿用粘土磚使用的砂漿和相應(yīng)的抗裂措施，必然造成墻體出現(xiàn)較嚴(yán)重的裂縫。設(shè)計者可根據(jù)《非承重砼小型砌塊砌體工程技術(shù)規(guī)程》、《非承重砼小型砌塊砌構(gòu)造》及有關(guān)規(guī)范的要求，結(jié)合建筑使用功能，各種材料的特性，采取有效的構(gòu)造措施，方可避免墻體開裂滲漏。

Prevention of new lightweight block wall crack, must be focused on architectural design. If not for the specialty of material, suitable for masonry mortar and the corresponding construction measures, is still using clay brick used in mortar and anti-crack measures, is bound to cause cracks in the wall body appear more serious. Designer can according to the non load-bearing concrete small block masonry engineering discipline ", "non load-bearing concrete small block masonry structure" and the relevant specification requirements, combined with the building use function, various material characteristics, the structure of the effective measures, in order to avoid leakage of wall cracking.

4.施工的控制措施

4. The construction of control measures

（1）確保磚在使用前達(dá)到穩(wěn)定期。

(1) to ensure that the brick plateauing before use.

一般剛出廠的輕質(zhì)砌塊穩(wěn)定性較差。由于砌體的干縮變形較大，干縮變形的特征是早期發(fā)展比較快，以后逐步變慢。因此，使用前應(yīng)確保材料已達(dá)到使用齡期，體積已基本穩(wěn)定，干縮變形較小的情況下。

General factory-fresh lightweight block stability is poorer. Due to large masonry dry shrinkage deformation, dry shrinkage deformation is characterized by the early development is faster, then gradually slow down. Therefore, before the use should ensure that material has reached the age, the volume has been basically stable, less dry shrinkage deformation.

（2） 要嚴(yán)格控制含水率

(2) we will strictly control the moisture content

輕質(zhì)砌塊使用前對含水率有苛刻的要求，要嚴(yán)格按不同砌塊控制上墻時含水率。要選用含水率符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的產(chǎn)品外，在砌塊上墻前必須要做好防水措施，盡量避免雨期施工淋濕砌塊，造成墻體因收縮開裂。

Lightweight block before use on moisture content has stringent requirements, we will strictly according to the different block on the wall when the moisture content control. Moisture content should be chosen accord with a standard product, must be ready before on the block wall waterproof measures, to avoid get wet the rain period construction block, wall due to the shrinkage cracking.

（3）采用正確的施工方法

(3) the right construction methods

必須根據(jù)輕質(zhì)砌塊干縮變形相對較大特點，采取正確的施工方法和控制措施。重點是砌塊的砌筑方法及洞口處理兩方面，主要有以下一些要點：

Must according to light weight block relatively dry shrinkage deformation characteristics, adopt the right construction methods and control measures. Emphasis was on block masonry method and the hole processing two aspects, mainly has the following some points:

① 施工現(xiàn)場的砌塊應(yīng)按規(guī)格堆放，堆放高度不宜過高(一般不超過1．6m)，并應(yīng)采取防雨措施以防雨淋，砌筑前，砌塊不宜灑水淋濕，以防相對含水率超標(biāo)。

(1) the construction site of the block should be piled up according to specifications, stacking height should not be too high (generally not more than 1.6 m), and rainproof measures should be taken to prevent the rain, masonry, block should not be water wet, the relative moisture content exceeds bid in case.

② 砌筑時應(yīng)盡量采用主規(guī)格砌塊，并應(yīng)清除砌塊表面污物及底部毛邊，盡量對孔搭砌，砌體的灰縫應(yīng)橫平豎直，灰縫應(yīng)飽滿，以確保墻體質(zhì)量。

(2) masonry block should be adopted as far as possible the main specification, and should be cleared surface dirt and burrs at the bottom of the block, as far as possible to hole on build by laying bricks or stones, masonry mortar joint should be horizontal even vertical, mortar joint should be full, in order to ensure quality of wall.

③ 對不同材料嚴(yán)格控制不同的日砌高度，墻頂3m高的砌體必須隔日頂緊砌筑，避免引起接合部位開裂。

(3) day of build by laying bricks or stones of different materials, strictly control the height, the top 3 m high masonry wall must be on top masonry, avoid causing joint part cracking.

④ 不能隨意砍鑿砌塊，禁止采用不同材料混砌，否則容易造成墻體開裂。

Hewing and block (4) can't just ban using different material mix build by laying bricks or stones, otherwise easy to cause the wall cracking.

⑤砌塊與混凝土柱連接處及施工留洞后填塞部位增加拉結(jié)鋼筋，錨固鋼筋必須要展平砌入水平灰縫，

(5) joint and construction for brick and concrete column hole filling area increased after Rachel reinforcement, anchoring reinforcement must be flattened build by laying bricks or stones into the horizontal mortar joint,

⑥ 嚴(yán)格控制墻體孔洞預(yù)留及開槽的處理，避免削弱了墻體強(qiáng)度，對洞邊空心砌塊應(yīng)填實及加設(shè)邊框等處理以確保墻體整體性。

6. Strict control wall of reserved holes and slot processing, avoid weakens the wall intensity, the hole hollow block should be filled, and added a border processing to ensure integrity of wall.

四、結(jié)語

Four, conclusion

綜上所述，各種輕質(zhì)磚墻體開裂的原因較多，但是，只有嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行有關(guān)砌體規(guī)范，從生產(chǎn)、設(shè)計、施工各方面層層把關(guān)，采取有效的控制措施，針對砌體開裂精心施工，才能消除新型砌塊墻體開裂的質(zhì)量通病。

To sum up, for a wide variety of light brick walling is more, but only the strict about masonry standard, from all the aspects of production, design, construction, cengcengbaguan, take effective control measures, aimed at cracking of masonry construction carefully, to eliminate the common faults new block wall crack.